MARKAZIY OSIYODA ATROF-MUHITGA TRANSCHEGARAVIY TA’SIR MASALALARI: XALQARO-HUQUQIY TARTIBGA SOLISH MUAMMOLARI VA YECHIMLARI
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Abstrakt
Ushbu maqolada Markaziy Osiyo mintaqasida atrof-muhitga transchegaraviy ta’sir yetkazish muammolari va ularni xalqaro-huquqiy jihatdan tartibga solish masalalari tahlil qilingan. Mintaqada transchegaraviy ekologik xavf-xatar manbalari sifatida suv resurslari taqsimotidagi nomuvofiqlik, Orol dengizi inqirozi, sanoat chiqindilari va uran qoldiqxonalari radiatsiyasi ko‘rsatilgan. Muallifning fikricha, Markaziy Osiyo davlatlari tomonidan ekologiya va atrof-muhit muhofazasiga oid nufuzli xalqaro hujjatlar (Espo, Xelsinki, Nyu York, Orxus konvensiyalari va ularning protokollari)ning bir xilda ratifikatsiya qilinmagani yagona huquqiy majburiyatlar maydonini yaratish va nizolarni samarali hal etishga to‘sqinlik qilmoqda. Shuningdek, muallif transchegaraviy zararni baholash va kompensatsiya qilishning murakkabligini xalqaro sud amaliyoti (“Treyl Smelter”, “Gabchikova-Nadmarosh”, “Lanu ko‘li” ishlari) va Yevropa Ittifoqi tajribasi asosida ochib beradi. Maqolaning xulosa qismida ekologik xavfsizlik masalalarini siyosiylashtirmasdan, yagona transchegaraviy monitoring tizimini joriy etish, milliy qonunchiliklarda “transchegaraviy ta’sir yoyilgan hudud” tushunchasini mustahkamlash zarurligi ko‘rsatilgan. Muallif muammoning amaliy yechimi sifatida mintaqada ekologik sug‘urta bozorini rivojlantirishni, shuningdek, Davlatlararo kotibiyat, Mintaqaviy ekspertiza byurosi va Transchegaraviy zararni qoplash bo‘yicha ko‘ptomonlama moliyaviy jamg‘arma ta’sis etish takliflarini ilgari suradi.
Библиографические ссылки
“Atrof-muhitga transchegaraviy koʻlamda yetkaziladigan ta’sirni baholash toʻgʻrisida”gi Espo konvensiyasi (Espoo
Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context): https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/eia/documents/legaltexts/Espoo_Convention_authentic_ENG.pdf
Espo konvensiyasining I Ilovasi. Faoliyat turlar. 12-13-bet. (Appendix I of Espoo convention. P.12-13. List of
Activities): https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/eia/documents/legaltexts/Espoo_Convention_authentic_ENG.pdf
“Transchegaraviy suv oqimlari va xalqaro koʻllarni muhofaza qilish va ulardan foydalanish toʻgʻrisida”gi Xelsinki
konvensiyasi (Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes – Helsinki, 1992): http://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html
“Xalqaro suv oqimlaridan kema qatnovlaridan boshqa yoʻnalishlarda foydalanish huquqi toʻgʻrisida”gi Nyu York
konvensiyasi (Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of the International Watercourses – New York, 1997): http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_3_1997.pdf
“Transchegaraviy daryolarga sanoat avariyalarining transchegaraviy ta’siri oqibatida yetkaziladigan zararga
nisbatan fuqaroviy javobgarlik va zararni qoplashga oid” Kiev Qoʻshimcha Protokoli (Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context): https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/eia/documents/legaltexts/protocolenglish.pdf
“Neftdan ifloslanish uchun fuqarolik javobgarligi toʻgʻrisida”gi Xalqaro konvensiya (The International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969, renewed in 1992): http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/
Home.aspx
“Xavfli chiqindilarni transchegaraviy tashish va ularni yoʻq qilishni nazorat qilish toʻgʻrisida”gi Bazel konvensiyasi
va uning “Xavfli chiqindilarni transchegaraviy tashish va ularni yoʻq qilish oqibatida yetkazilgan zarar uchun javobgarlik va kompensatsiya toʻgʻrisida”gi Protokoli (Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal of 22.03.1989 and its Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage Resulting from Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal of 1999): http://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20 Convention/docs/text/BaselConventionText-r.pdf
Atrof-muhit va taraqqiyot boʻyicha Rio-de-Janeyro deklaratsiyasi (Rio declaration on environment and
development): http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/riodecl.shtml
Xalqaro arbitraj qarorlari toʻplami. “Treyl Smelter” sud amaliyoti (Reports of International Arbitral Awards/Recueil
des Sentences Arbitrales. Trail Smelter Case (United States, Canada) 16 April 1938 and 11 march 1941. Volume iii pp.
–1982: http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_III/1905-1982.pdf
“Gabchikova-Nadmarosh” sud ishi amaliyoti (Case concerning the Gabcíkovo – Nagymaros Project (Hungary/
Slovakia), Judgment of 25 September 199): http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/W9549E/w9549e00.htm
Lanu koʻli boʻyicha arbitraj qarori (Lake Lanoux arbitration (France v. Spain) (1957) 12 R.I.A.A. 281; 24 I.L.R. 101
Arbitral Tribunal. November 16, 1957): http://www.ecolex.org/server2.php/libcat/docs/cou/full/en/cou-143747e.pdf
“Biologik xilma-xillik toʻgʻrisida”gi Konvensiya (UN Convention on Biological Diversity): http://www.un.org/ru/
documents/decl_conv/conventions/biodiv.shtml
“Atrof-muhitga yetkazilgan zararning oldini olish va tiklashga nisbatan ekologik javobgarlik toʻgʻrisida”gi
Direktiva (Environmental Liability Directive 2004/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage): ec.europa.eu/environment/legal/liability/index.htm
Environmental Risk and Insurance: A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Insurance in the Management of
Environment-Related Risks, DAFFE/AS/WD (2002) 27/REV1, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 2003.; Environmental Liability for Damage to Natural Resources in OECD Countries: The Concept and Key Approaches, Discussion Paper, ENV/EPOC/EAP/REPIN (2009)1, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 2009.
Basel Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage Resulting from Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal: https://treaties.un.org
Interpretation of Peace Treaties, Advisory Opinion //I.C.J. Reports. – The Hague, I.C.J., 1950.