XALQARO HUQUQDA TRANSCHEGARAVIY TAʼSIR TUSHUNCHASINING SHAKLLANISHI VA EVOLYUTSIYASI: KONSEPTUAL-HUQUQIY TAHLIL
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Abstrakt
Ushbu maqolada xalqaro huquqda transchegaraviy taʼsir tushunchasining shakllanish jarayoni hamda uning evolyutsiyasi konseptual-huquqiy jihatdan keng qamrovli tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada transchegaraviy taʼsirning nazariy asoslari, uning xalqaro ekologik huquq tizimidagi o‘rni, davlatlararo munosabatlardagi ahamiyati va huquqiy tartibga solish mexanizmlari chuqur o‘rganilgan. Shu bilan birga, mazkur tushunchaning xalqaro shartnomalar, xalqaro sud amaliyoti hamda doktrinal yondashuvlar asosida bosqichma-bosqich rivojlanishi ochib beriladi. Maqolada Trail Smelter arbitraj ishidan to zamonaviy xalqaro sud amaliyotigacha bo‘lgan tarixiy bosqichlar qiyosiy tarzda tahlil etiladi. Maqolada 1941-yildagi Trail Smelter arbitraj qarori, 1949-yildagi Xalqaro Sud Korfu kanali ishi va 1972-yildagi Stokgolm Deklaratsiyasining 21-prinsipi tushunchaning huquqiy negizlarini belgilagan va 1992-yildagi Rio Deklaratsiyasi zamonaviy meʼyoriy bazani shakllantirgan asosiy hujjatlar sifatida ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqolada Filipp Sands, Alan Boyl, Kristina Voigt kabi yetakchi xalqaro huquqshunoslarning nazariy qarashlari tahliliy nuqtai nazardan baholanadi. Shuningdek, maqolada transchegaraviy taʼsir tushunchasining anʼanaviy davlat suvereniteti tamoyillari bilan o‘zaro aloqasi va ekologik huquq, inson huquqlari sohalarida kengayib borayotgan tatbiq doirasi ilmiy asoslab beriladi. Maqolada asosiy ilmiy muammo sifatida transchegaravi ta’sir tushunchasining yagona universal taʼrifi mavjud emasligi va turli huquq tarmoqlarida har xil talqin etilishi ko‘rsatilgan. Maqola natijasi sifatida xalqaro shartnomalarni uyg‘unlashtirish, milliy qonunchilikni modernizatsiya qilish hamda profilaktik mexanizmlarni mustahkamlash takliflari ilgari suriladi. Maqola O‘zbekiston uchun ham dolzarb bo‘lib, Orol dengizi havzasi va Markaziy Osiyo suv resurslari bo‘yicha xalqaro huquqiy pozitsiyasini mustahkamlashga xizmat qiladi.
Библиографические ссылки
“Atrof-muhitga transchegaraviy koʻlamda yetkaziladigan ta’sirni baholash toʻgʻrisida”gi Espo konvensiyasi (Espoo
Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context): https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/eia/documents/legaltexts/Espoo_Convention_authentic_ENG.pdf
Espo konvensiyasining I Ilovasi. Faoliyat turlar. 12-13-bet. (Appendix I of Espoo convention. P.12-13. List of
Activities): https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/eia/documents/legaltexts/Espoo_Convention_authentic_ENG.pdf
“Transchegaraviy suv oqimlari va xalqaro koʻllarni muhofaza qilish va ulardan foydalanish toʻgʻrisida”gi Xelsinki
konvensiyasi (Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes – Helsinki, 1992): http://www.unece.org/env/water/text/text.html
“Xalqaro suv oqimlaridan kema qatnovlaridan boshqa yoʻnalishlarda foydalanish huquqi toʻgʻrisida”gi Nyu York
konvensiyasi (Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of the International Watercourses – New York, 1997): http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_3_1997.pdf
“Transchegaraviy daryolarga sanoat avariyalarining transchegaraviy ta’siri oqibatida yetkaziladigan zararga
nisbatan fuqaroviy javobgarlik va zararni qoplashga oid” Kiev Qoʻshimcha Protokoli (Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context): https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/eia/documents/legaltexts/protocolenglish.pdf
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on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969, renewed in 1992): http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/
Home.aspx
“Xavfli chiqindilarni transchegaraviy tashish va ularni yoʻq qilishni nazorat qilish toʻgʻrisida”gi Bazel konvensiyasi
va uning “Xavfli chiqindilarni transchegaraviy tashish va ularni yoʻq qilish oqibatida yetkazilgan zarar uchun javobgarlik va kompensatsiya toʻgʻrisida”gi Protokoli (Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal of 22.03.1989 and its Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage Resulting from Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal of 1999): http://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20 Convention/docs/text/BaselConventionText-r.pdf
Atrof-muhit va taraqqiyot boʻyicha Rio-de-Janeyro deklaratsiyasi (Rio declaration on environment and
development): http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/riodecl.shtml
Xalqaro arbitraj qarorlari toʻplami. “Treyl Smelter” sud amaliyoti (Reports of International Arbitral Awards/Recueil
des Sentences Arbitrales. Trail Smelter Case (United States, Canada) 16 April 1938 and 11 march 1941. Volume iii pp.
–1982: http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_III/1905-1982.pdf
“Gabchikova-Nadmarosh” sud ishi amaliyoti (Case concerning the Gabcíkovo – Nagymaros Project (Hungary/
Slovakia), Judgment of 25 September 199): http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/W9549E/w9549e00.htm
Lanu koʻli boʻyicha arbitraj qarori (Lake Lanoux arbitration (France v. Spain) (1957) 12 R.I.A.A. 281; 24 I.L.R. 101
Arbitral Tribunal. November 16, 1957): http://www.ecolex.org/server2.php/libcat/docs/cou/full/en/cou-143747e.pdf
“Biologik xilma-xillik toʻgʻrisida”gi Konvensiya (UN Convention on Biological Diversity): http://www.un.org/ru/
documents/decl_conv/conventions/biodiv.shtml
“Atrof-muhitga yetkazilgan zararning oldini olish va tiklashga nisbatan ekologik javobgarlik toʻgʻrisida”gi
Direktiva (Environmental Liability Directive 2004/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage): ec.europa.eu/environment/legal/liability/index.htm
Environmental Risk and Insurance: A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Insurance in the Management of
Environment-Related Risks, DAFFE/AS/WD (2002) 27/REV1, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 2003.; Environmental Liability for Damage to Natural Resources in OECD Countries: The Concept and Key Approaches, Discussion Paper, ENV/EPOC/EAP/REPIN (2009)1, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 2009.
Basel Protocol on Liability and Compensation for Damage Resulting from Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal: https://treaties.un.org
Interpretation of Peace Treaties, Advisory Opinion //I.C.J. Reports. – The Hague, I.C.J., 1950.